List of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention

The list of parties to the Environmental Modification Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement prohibiting military use of environmental modification techniques.

On May 18, 1977, the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) was opened for signature. North Yemen became the first state to deposit the treaty on 20 July 1977. The treaty came into force and closed for signature on October 5, 1978. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. The instrument of ratification, accession, or succession is deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations

As of 2008, 75 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently Nicaragua on September 6, 2007. A further 17 states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

Ratified or acceded states

State Signed Ratified Method
 Afghanistan 01985-10-22 October 22, 1985 Accession
 Algeria 01991-12-19 December 19, 1991 Accession
 Antigua and Barbuda 01988-10-25 October 25, 1988[1] Succession from  United Kingdom
 Argentina 01987-03-20 March 20, 1987 Accession
 Armenia 02002-05-15 May 15, 2002 Accession
 Australia 01978-05-31 May 31, 1978 01984-09-07 September 7, 1984 Ratification
 Austria 01990-01-17 January 17, 1990 Accession
 Bangladesh 01979-10-03 October 3, 1979 Accession
 Belarus 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-06-07 June 7, 1978 Ratification as  Byelorussian SSR
 Belgium 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01982-07-12 July 12, 1982 Ratification
 Benin 01977-06-10 June 10, 1977 01986-06-30 June 30, 1986 Ratification
 Brazil 01977-11-09 November 9, 1977 01984-10-12 October 12, 1984 Ratification
 Brunei None[2] Succession from  United Kingdom
 Bulgaria 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-05-31 May 31, 1978 Ratification
 Canada 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01981-06-11 June 11, 1981 Ratification
 Cape Verde 01979-10-03 October 3, 1979 Accession
 Chile 01994-04-26 April 26, 1994 Accession
 China 02005-06-08 June 8, 2005 Accession
 Costa Rica 01996-02-07 February 7, 1996 Accession
 Cuba 01977-09-23 September 23, 1977 01978-04-10 April 10, 1978 Ratification
 Cyprus 01977-10-07 October 7, 1977 01978-04-12 April 12, 1978 Ratification
 Czech Republic 01993-02-22 February 22, 1993 Succession from  Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
 Denmark 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-04-19 April 19, 1978 Ratification
 Dominica 01992-11-09 November 9, 1992[3] Succession from  United Kingdom
 Egypt 01982-04-01 April 1, 1982 Accession?[4]
 Finland 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-05-12 May 12, 1978 Ratification
 Germany 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01983-05-24 May 24, 1983 Ratification as  West Germany
Also  East Germany
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 25 May 1978
 Ghana 01978-03-21 March 21, 1978 01978-06-22 June 22, 1978 Ratification
 Greece 01983-08-23 August 23, 1983 Accession
 Guatemala 01988-03-21 March 21, 1988 Accession
 Hungary 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-04-19 April 19, 1978 Ratification
 India 01977-12-15 December 15, 1977?[5] 01978-12-15 December 15, 1978 Ratification
 Ireland 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01982-12-16 December 16, 1982 Ratification
 Italy 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01981-11-27 November 27, 1981 Ratification
 Japan 01982-06-09 June 9, 1982 Accession
 Kazakhstan 02005-04-25 April 25, 2005 Accession
 Kuwait 01980-01-02 January 2, 1980 Accession
 Laos 01978-04-13 April 13, 1978 01978-10-05 October 5, 1978 Ratification
 Lithuania 02002-04-16 April 16, 2002 Accession
 Malawi 01978-10-05 October 5, 1978 Accession
 Mauritius 01992-12-09 December 9, 1992 Accession
 Mongolia 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-05-19 May 19, 1978 Ratification
 Netherlands 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01983-04-15 April 15, 1983 Ratification
 New Zealand 01984-09-07 September 7, 1984 Accession,
includes  Cook Islands
and  Niue[6]
 Nicaragua 01977-08-11 August 11, 1977 02007-09-06 September 6, 2007 Ratification
 Niger 01993-02-17 February 17, 1993 Accession
 North Korea 01984-11-08 November 8, 1984 Accession
 Norway 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01979-02-15 February 15, 1979 Ratification
 Pakistan 01986-02-27 February 27, 1986 Accession
 Panama 02002-05-13 May 13, 2002 Accession
 Papua New Guinea 01980-10-28 October 28, 1980 Accession
 Poland 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-06-08 June 8, 1978 Ratification
 Romania 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01983-05-06 May 6, 1983 Ratification
 Russia 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-05-30 May 30, 1978 Ratification as  Soviet Union
 Saint Kitts and Nevis None[7] Succession from  United Kingdom
 Saint Lucia 01993-05-27 May 27, 1993[8] Succession from  United Kingdom
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 01999-04-27 April 27, 1999[9] Succession from  United Kingdom
 São Tomé and Príncipe 01979-10-05 October 5, 1979 Accession
 Slovakia 01993-05-28 May 28, 1993 Succession from  Czechoslovakia
Signed 18 May 1977
Ratified 12 May 1978
 Slovenia 02005-04-20 April 20, 2005 Accession
 Solomon Islands 01981-06-19 June 19, 1981[10] Succession from  United Kingdom
 South Korea 01986-12-02 December 2, 1986 Accession
 Spain 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-07-19 July 19, 1978 Ratification
 Sri Lanka 01977-06-08 June 8, 1977 01978-04-25 April 25, 1978 Ratification
 Sweden 01984-04-27 April 27, 1984 Accession
 Switzerland 01988-08-05 August 5, 1988 Accession
 Tajikistan 01999-10-12 October 12, 1999 Accession
 Tunisia 01978-05-11 May 11, 1978 01978-05-11 May 11, 1978 Ratification
 Ukraine 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-06-13 June 13, 1978 Ratification as  Ukrainian SSR
 United Kingdom 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01978-05-16 May 16, 1978 Ratification
 United States 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977 01980-01-17 January 17, 1980 Ratification
 Uruguay 01993-09-16 September 16, 1993 Accession
 Uzbekistan 01993-05-26 May 26, 1993 Accession
 Vietnam 01980-08-26 August 26, 1980 Accession
 Yemen 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977[11] 01977-07-20 July 20, 1977 Ratification as  North Yemen
Also  South Yemen
Acceded 12 June 1979

States that have signed but not ratified

State Signed
 Bolivia 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Cambodia 01993-01-15 January 15, 1993
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Signed as  Zaire		 01978-02-28 February 28, 1978
 Ethiopia 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Holy See 01977-05-27 May 27, 1977
 Iceland 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Iran 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Iraq 01977-08-15 August 15, 1977
 Lebanon 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Liberia 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Luxembourg 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Morocco 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Portugal 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Sierra Leone 01978-04-12 April 12, 1978
 Syria 01977-08-04 August 4, 1977
 Turkey 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977
 Uganda 01977-05-18 May 18, 1977

References

  1. ^ The UNODA site notes Antigua and Barbuda's effective date of succession as 1 November 1981.
  2. ^ In contrast to the UNODA site which lists no action by Brunei on this treaty, the U.S. Department of State lists Brunei as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 1 January 1984.
  3. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Dominica as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 8 November 1978.
  4. ^ The UNODA site does not list Egypt as an acceding state, but this is assumed to be in error given the late date of deposit and lack of signature.
  5. ^ In contrast to the UNODA site, the U.S. Department of State lists India's date of signature as 10 December 1977. It is not known which date is correct.
  6. ^ The UNODA site notes that New Zealand's accession should also apply to the Cook Islands and Niue.
  7. ^ In contrast to the UNODA site which lists no action by Saint Kitts and Nevis on this treaty, the U.S. Department of State lists Saint Kitts and Nevis as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty effective 19 September 1983.
  8. ^ The UNODA site and the U.S. Department of State notes Saint Lucia's effective date of succession as 22 February 1979.
  9. ^ The U.S. Department of State lists Saint Vincent and The Grenadines as giving notice that it would continue to be bound by the treaty on 27 October 1979.
  10. ^ In contrast to the UNODA site, the U.S. Department of State lists the Solomon Island's date of deposit (and declaration that it would continue to be bound by the treaty) as 18 June 1981. It is not known which date is correct.
  11. ^ In contrast to the U.S. Department of State, the UNODA site incorrectly lists Yemen's date of signature as 18 May 1997.